Existing Standards

Table 1: Existing standards relevant for the distributed sensing equipment and measurements.

§  IEC 61757-2-2: Fibre optic
sensors – Part 2-2: Temperature measurement – Distributed sensing

 IEC 61757-2-2:2016(E) establishes detailed specifications for distributed temperature measurement using a fiber optic sensor, commonly referred to as fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS). DTS employs various scattering effects, including Raman scattering, Brillouin scattering, and Rayleigh scattering. Raman scattering and Rayleigh scattering measurements are conducted using a single-ended fiber configuration exclusively, while Brillouin scattering measurements can be performed with either a single-ended fiber or a fiber loop configuration. The loop configuration involves simultaneous access from both ends, as in Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA).

IEC 61757-1:2012 defines generic specifications for fiber optic sensors,
while this specific part (IEC 61757-2-2) focuses on the most critical
performance parameters for DTS and outlines the procedures to determine them.
Additionally, a list of supplementary parameters is included to support
measurement specifications and associated test procedures. These supplementary
parameters are provided for informational purposes and should be combined with
the sets of performance parameters.

The standard presents a general test setup that allows all parameters to
be obtained through a set of tests. Specific tests are described within each
measurement parameter clause. In Clause 4, the general test setup is
illustrated and explained, along with a list of essential information that
should be documented based on the specific DTS instrument and test setup used
for parameter measurement as per IEC 61757-2-2

§ IEC 61757-3-1: Fibre optic sensors: Part 3—Distributed temperature sensing

This document provides comprehensive specifications for distributed
temperature measurement using a fiber optic sensor, commonly known as fiber
optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS). DTS incorporates various
scattering effects, namely Raman scattering, Brillouin scattering, and Rayleigh
scattering. Specifically, Raman scattering and Rayleigh scattering measurements
are limited to a single-ended fiber configuration. On the other hand, Brillouin
scattering-based measurements can be conducted using either a single-ended
fiber or a fiber loop configuration, where simultaneous access from both ends,
exemplified by Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA), constitutes the
loop configuration. Furthermore, this standard refers to the overarching
guidelines and specifications for generic fiber optic sensors as outlined in
IEC 61757-1.

§  IEC 61757-3-2: Acoustic
sensing and vibration measurement – Distributed sensing

This part of IEC 61757 specifies terminology, characteristic performance
parameters, related test and calculation methods, and specific test equipment
for interrogation units used in distributed fiber optic acoustic sensing and
vibration measurement systems. This document refers to Rayleigh backscatter and
phase detection method by phase-sensitive coherent optical time-domain reflectometry
(ϕ-OTDR) only. Quasi-static and low frequency operation modes are not covered
by this document. Generic specifications for fiber optic sensors are defined in
IEC 61757.

§  ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990
Information processing systems — Fibre distributed
Data Interface (FDDI) — Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD)

This standard is part of the ISO/IEC 9314 series, which defines the
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), a high-speed network technology
primarily used for local area networks (LANs). Defines the structure of the
FDDI and specifies the functions and operations necessary to insure
interoperability between conforming FDDI implementations. Provides a lot of
terms, conventions and abbreviations. The annexes A to G provide important
supplemental information. FDDI is based on fiber optic cables and offers
reliable and high-performance data transmission. ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990
specifically focuses on the Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD) aspect of the
FDDI standard. The Physical Layer is responsible for the transmission of data
over the physical medium, and the Medium Dependent (MD) sublayer defines the
specific characteristics of the medium used for communication. In the context
of ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990, the standard sets out detailed specifications for the
physical layer medium dependent characteristics, requirements, and
implementation guidelines for FDDI networks. This includes information related
to the fiber optic cabling, connectors, optical characteristics, and signal
encoding necessary to achieve the reliable data transmission required for
FDDI-based systems. Overall, ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 plays a crucial role in
ensuring the interoperability and performance of FDDI networks by defining the
physical layer medium dependent standards for this communication technology.

§  IEEE 3101-2023  
IEEE Approved Draft Standard
for Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Interrogator Standard –
Terminology and Definitions

This standard defines and explains terms relating to the use of fiber
optic DAS interrogators. It also defines key performance parameters needed to
describe fully a fiber optic DAS based sensor system and to allow the end user
readily to compare systems from different suppliers.

§  IEEE 2067-2021 
IEEE Standard for Fiber

Optic Sensors–Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogator Standard–Terminology and
Definitions

The purpose of this standard is to clarify definitions so that ambiguity
in specifications can be eliminated to facilitate broad usage of Fiber Optic
Bragg grating sensors in a broad range of applications including smart civil
structures, avionics, security, defense, environmental monitoring and medical
diagnostics. Definitions and explanations of terms relating to the use of fiber
Bragg grating interrogators are provided in this standard. It also offers a
list of the key performance parameters needed to describe fully a Bragg
grating-based sensor system and to allow the end user readily to compare
systems from different suppliers for specific applications.

§  VDI/VDE 2660
Experimental stress analysis –
Optical strain sensor based in fibre bragg grating – Fundamentals,
characteristics and sensor testing

This guideline provides
comprehensive information and guidelines for using fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
sensors as optical strain sensors in the field of experimental stress analysis.
FBG sensors are a type of optical fiber sensor that can measure strain and
temperature by detecting changes in the wavelength of light reflected by the
fiber. The
guideline covers the fundamental principles of using FBG sensors for strain
measurement, including the underlying physics and theory behind FBG technology.
It outlines the characteristics and properties of FBG sensors that are relevant
for strain measurement, such as sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity, and
temperature compensation. VDI/VDE 2660 provides procedures and guidelines for
testing and calibrating FBG sensors to ensure their accuracy and reliability in
strain measurement applications.

§  ASTM F3079-14: Standard
Practice for Use of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing 
Impact of Ground Movements During Tunnel and Utility Construction on Existing
Underground Utilities
Systems for Monitoring the

This standard practice specifically deals with the
procedures and techniques for employing distributed optical fiber sensors to
monitor ground movements during tunnel and utility construction, as well as
their potential impact on existing utilities. It encompasses the entire
process, from material selection and design to installation, data collection,
data processing, and reporting of results. This practice is applicable to all
types of utilities, including those involved in water, sewage, oil, gas,
chemicals, electric power, communications, and mass media transport. It also
covers tunnels used for water and sewage transportation and storage, as well as
tunnels accommodating utilities mentioned in section 1.3, water for hydropower,
traffic, rail, freight, capsule transport, and storage purposes. The measurements
provided in this standard are expressed in inch-pound units and are considered
standard. Parentheses indicate mathematical conversions to SI units for
informational purposes but are not deemed standard. It is important to note
that this standard does not encompass all safety considerations related to its
application. The user of this standard bears the responsibility of establishing
appropriate safety and health practices and determining the suitability of
adhering to regulatory limitations before implementation.

§  SEAFOM MSP-01: Measurement
Specification for Distributed Temperature Sensing

This document has been authored and initiated by the SEAFOM Measurement
Specifications Working Group with a specific focus on “Distributed
Temperature Sensing” (DTS). Its primary purpose is to serve as a guide for
characterizing the performance of any DTS system based on the defined
measurement parameters, utilizing a standardized set of measurement practices
that include test setups, procedures, and calculation methods. It is important
to note that this document does not aim to establish specific acceptance
criteria for any particular application, nor does it restrict users from
employing any brand of DTS or compatible fiber and cable. The temperature
controlling devices and reference measurement equipment required to support these
setups and procedures are not mandated to possess any specific performance
class. However, it is essential to acknowledge that their performance
parameters will influence the accuracy of determining various fiber measurement
parameters. The main objective of this document is to provide a unified set of
DTS performance testing procedures that are applicable to any brand or model of
a DTS system. It is crucial to emphasize that this document does not impose
requirements on the actual performance of DTS systems; rather, it focuses on
establishing standardized procedures for performance evaluation.

§  PRODML

PRODML comprises a collection of standards designed to
enhance the efficiency of oil and gas well production, specifically focusing on
data exchange from the reservoir-wellbore boundary to the custody transfer
point. In today’s digital and smart oilfields, the seamless sharing of
standardized data among all stakeholders is crucial to enable nearly real-time
production optimization. The existing suite of PRODML standards encompasses
various areas, such as production optimization, production fiber optic
distributed temperature surveys (DTS), distributed acoustic sensing (DAS),
production lab results, including fluid properties, simple product volume reporting,
fluid and PVT analysis, Wireline Formation Testing (WFT), production volumes,
flow network and well test, time series, and time series statistics. The
management of PRODML is entrusted to a dedicated Special Interest Group (SIG),
composed of experts from numerous member companies and organizations,
collaboratively shaping the future of the standard.